Abstract
The rise into global prominence and rapid growth of finfish and crustacean aquaculture has been due, in part, to the availability and on-farm provision of feed inputs within the major producing countries. More than 46 percent of the total global aquaculture production in 2008 was dependent upon the supply of external feed inputs. For the aquaculture sector to maintain its current average growth rate of 8 to 10 percent per year to 2025, the supply of nutrient and feed inputs will have to grow at a similar rate.
This had been readily attainable when the industry was young. It may not be the case anymore as the sector has grown into a major consumer of and competitor for feed resources. This paper reviews the dietary feeding practices employed for the production of the major cultured fed species, the total global production and market availability of the major feed ingredient sources used and the major constraints to feed ingredient usage, and recommends approaches to feed ingredient selection and usage for the major species of cultivated fish and crustacean. Emphasis is placed on the need for major producing countries to maximize the use of locally available feed-grade ingredient sources, and, in particular, to select and use those nutritionally sound and safe feed ingredient sources whose production and growth can keep pace with the 8 to 10 percent annual average annual growth of the fed finfish and crustacean aquaculture sector.
Contents
Preparation of this document iii
Abstract iv
List of tables and figures vi
Contributors viii
Abbreviations and acronyms ix
Executive summary x
1. Introduction 1
2. Current feeds and feeding practices 3
2.1 Major fed fish and crustacean species 3
2.2 In-country fed species production and feeding practices 7
2.3 Global aquaculture feed production by major species group and country 16
3. Feed ingredient production and availability 21
3.1 Animal nutrient sources 21
3.2 Plant nutrient sources 32
3.3 Microbial ingredient sources 50
4. Current levels of feed ingredient usage and constraints 51
4.1 Continued use of fishmeal and fish oil as major dietary animal protein
and lipid sources 51
4.2 Increased use of terrestrial animal protein meals and oils as dietary
nutrient sources 54
4.3 Continued and increased use of plant protein meals and oils as dietary
nutrient sources 61
4.4 Ingredient competition with other users 62
4.5 Growing importance of feed and food safety 65
5. Recommended approaches to feed ingredient selection and use 67
5.1 Reduce country dependence upon imported feed ingredient sources 67
5.2 Select feed ingredients that can be sustainably produced and grow
with the sector 68
5.3 Minimize environmental and ecosystem impact of feeds and
feeding regimes 68
5.4 Give special attention to small-scale farmers using farm-made/
semi-commercial aquafeeds 69
References 71
Annexes
1. Global production of finfish and crustaceans 79
2. Fed cultured species production by country 87
vi
TABLES
1. Top 20 country producers of fed fish and crustacean species in 2008
2. Top 53 major fed cultured fish and crustacean species/species groups
by main country producers in 2008
3. Estimated global aquaculture production and use of commercial aquafeeds,
1995–2020
4. Major country producers of commercial aquaculture feeds, 2007–2010
5. Total reported production of aquatic animal protein meals and lipids
6. IFFO estimate of global fishmeal production derived from fisheries by-products,
2007
7. Total reported production of terrestrial animal protein meals and lipids, 2008
8. Estimated global production and trade of major agricultural food/feed
commodities, 2008/09
9. Global production and growth of major oilseed crops, 1995–2009
10. Country responses regarding feed ingredient usage for major cultivated
species groups
11. Estimated global use and demand for fishmeal and fish oil, 1995–2020
12. Biofuel production by country, 2007
FIGURES
1. Total global production of fed fish and crustacean species by major FAO species
grouping, 1980–2008
2. Growth of fed freshwater fish species, 1980–2008
3. Growth of fed crustacean species, 1980–2008
4. Growth of fed diadromous fish species, 1980–2008
5. Growth of fed marine fish species, 1980–2008
6. Estimated global production of commercial aquaculture feeds by major species
grouping, 2008
7. Historical development of feeds in the Norwegian salmon industry in relation to
prevailing technologies and typical inclusion levels of crude proteins, digestible
energy and digestible protein levels, 1960–2000
8. Total capture fisheries and aquaculture production and volume of the catch
destined for reduction and other non-food uses, 1970–2008
9. Major country producers of fishmeal and fish oil, 2007
10. Historical production trend of fishmeal and fish oil, 1962–2008
11. Major exporters of fishmeal and fish oil, 2007
12. Major importers of fishmeal and fish oil, 2007
13. Composition of rendered animal protein meal by meal type in Australia, 2008
14. Annual production of animal protein meals in the United States, 2003–2008
15. Annual production of animal fats and grease in the United States, 2003–2008
16. Total global production of cereals by commodity, 1995–2009
17. Composition of commodities in global production of cereals, 2009
18. Top cereal producer countries by commodity, 2009
19. Total global production of cereals by country, 1995–2009
20. Top cereal importers and exporters, 2008/09
21. Production of corn feed by-products from alcohol biorefineries
in the United States, 1990/91 to 2008/09
22. Global production of major oilseed crops, 1995–2009
23. Composition of commodities in global production of oilseed crops, 2009
24. Global production of soybean oilseed crop by country, 1995–2009
25. Global production of soybean oilseed crop by country, 2009
26. Global production of major oilseed meals, 2005/06 to 2008/09
27. Global production of major oilseed meals by commodity, 2008/09
28. Global production of major oilseed oils, 2005/06 to 2008/09
29. Global production of palm oil by country, 2008/09
30. Global production of soybean oil by country, 2008/09
31. Top agricultural exports by quantity from the United States, 2007
32. Top agricultural imports by quantity in China, 2007
33. Top agricultural imports by quantity in the European Union, 2007
34. Global production of dry peas by country, 2009
35. Global production of lupins by country, 2009
36. Estimated global consumption of fishmeal by major aquaculture
species group, 2008
37. Estimated global consumption of fish oil by major aquaculture species group, 2008
38. Estimated total global consumption of fishmeal and fish oil by major
aquaculture species group, 2008
39. Variation in price of fair average quality Peru fishmeal, January 2006
to October 2009
40. Variation in price of FAQ fishmeal and soybean meal, 2006 to 2010
41. United States and European Union production of biodiesel, 2001–2008
42. United States corn destined for ethanol production, 1988/89 to 2009/10
Authors:
Albert G.J. Tacon
FAO Consultant
Hawaii, United States of America
Mohammad R. Hasan
Aquaculture Officer
Aquaculture Service
FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department
Rome, Italy
and
Marc Metian
Littoral Environment and Societies
University of La Rochelle
La Rochelle, France
Published by: FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2011
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